01
P/E, PEG and Free-Cash-Flow Yield: When Each Metric Helps
What P/E, PEG and free-cash-flow yield each measure, when each one misleads, and a five-step routine to calculate them, worked through with Apple's fiscal 2025 10-K figures.
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02
Share Dilution and Buybacks: What Existing Investors Should Check
How to measure whether a company is diluting you or genuinely shrinking its share count: gross vs net buybacks, the real cash cost per share retired, the Item 5 repurchase table and the RSU overhang, worked through with Apple’s fiscal 2025 10-K.
03
How to Read a 10-K Annual Report Without Missing Red Flags
Where a 10-K is required to print its warnings: cover-page restatement boxes, the filing deadline and NT 10-K, the auditor's going-concern and critical audit matter language, and Items 9, 9A and 9B — checked against Apple's FY2025 filing.
04
Cash Flow vs Profit: How to Judge the Quality of Earnings
How to compare net income with operating cash flow: the cumulative cash conversion ratio, the accrual gap, receivables and inventory checks, and free cash flow after stock compensation, worked through with Apple's fiscal 2023–2025 figures.
05
Slippage in Stock Trading: How to Measure and Control It
Your fill price and the price you saw are rarely the same. How to pick a reference price, calculate the gap in basis points, and which controls actually shrink it.
06
Position Sizing: How to Turn Risk per Trade Into a Share Count
Decide the loss first and let the share count follow. The division, a worked table of four trades, the second cap the formula does not give you, and what ten straight losses cost at 1% versus 10%.
07
US Stock Settlement: Trade Date, T+1 and Buying Power
Why a sale shows up as cash you cannot withdraw, how many business days you really have to pay, and the three cash-account mistakes that trigger a 90-day restriction.
08
Bid-Ask Spread: How Liquidity Sets Your Real Trading Cost
The spread never appears on a confirmation, but on a thin stock it costs more than every visible fee combined. How to convert it into a percentage, why it widens, and how to check what your fill really cost.